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Endangered species spotlight: polar bear

February 28, 2012 By Leave a Comment

polar bear Endangered species spotlight: polar bearWho wants to live in a world without polar bears?! There is no other animal that conjures up such majestic and fearful images of the wild Arctic than Ursus maritimus.  Polar bears are the largest land-based predators on the planet.  They survive exclusively on ringed seals, which provide them with a very high calorie source of fat for surviving the extreme cold of the Arctic. They are actually thought to be as smart as apes and must employ this intelligence to hunt down tricky ringed seals.

Nicknames

I have a very close attachment to the fate of polar bears because of a nickname that I developed while in my first year in undergraduate school.  I was going home one weekend with some friends to a high school football game and it was quite frigid outside.  I believe the temperature was around 27 degrees.  I had the urge to stick my head out the window and feel the chilly air so I did.  One of my friends yelled at me to close the window and then said, “It’s freezing out there, close the window!  What the hell are you, some kind of polar bear?!” Because of this comment, my height and my fair skin and hair, the nickname stuck and I have been interested in polar bears ever since.

Where’s the ice?

Like many other species on the planet, the survival of polar bears is threatened by habitat loss.  However, the effects of global warming on the habitat of polar bears are greater in polar bear habitat because temperatures at the poles are rising faster than those on other parts of the globe.  This means that much of the sea ice that polar bears depend on for hunting and breeding is melting away, leaving them with smaller amounts of ice to inhabit.

Research by the IUCN Polar Bear Specialist Group show that 8 out of 12 polar bear populations studied in 2009 are declining compared to only 5 populations that were declining in 2005.  Even if we stopped pumping out all  the greenhouse gases we put into the Earth’s atmosphere tomorrow, the results of global warming would still carry on for several years into the future.  This means that we have to act soon to reverse the trend of warming in time to save enough sea ice for polar bears to survive. If we do not, I will have a meaningless nickname and this would be horrible.

Your call to action

There are many simple ways that we can all reduce the amount of greenhouse gases being pumped into the atmosphere: carpooling, buying a fuel-efficient vehicle, composting our food waste rather than sending it to the landfill, conserving water in domestic use helps reduce energy use significantly and buying local and/or organic reduces the amount of fuel burnt for food transportation and pesticide use.  These are all simple things that we can do without putting a large dent in our wallet to help curb greenhouse gases.

Here is a great informational video on polar bears and the threats they face.

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Rare nature moments in Hawaii and cheap beer

February 27, 2012 By Leave a Comment

whale Rare nature moments in Hawaii and cheap beerThe Hawaiian islands are the most isolated land mass in the world, but you would never realize this standing in the middle of Waikiki. As much as I tried to avoid this area during my two years of graduate school in Honolulu, I often found myself there for one reason or another.  Hawaii also arguably has more endemic species (those found only in one place) than any other place in the world, but habitat destruction and invasive species are quickly making this phenomenon a thing of the past.

One of the most popular tourist trips to take in Waikiki is a giant catamaran ride around the bay.  Against my better judgement and with the convincing smile of a beautiful Indian woman, I decided to take a catamaran tour one sunny day.  There were about 40 people stuffed onto the boat, which was equipped with a full open bar and lot of rail space to view the beauty of the Pacific and whatever marine life decided to show itself. After several glasses of champagne and several well-known island tunes, the trip was entertaining, but rather uneventful until I spotted something unusual in the distance. It was a large whale and it was coming closer.  It is fairly common to see whales at a distance in Hawaii, but much less so to have a close encounter with the world’s largest mammal.  No one else on the boat seemed to notice the beautiful beast for a while until we started coming closer to it.  Once a few more people had taken notice of the whale, everyone swarmed the side of the boat closest to the creature and to our surprise the intoxicated boat captain headed directly towards it!  As we got closer, I became concerned that we might hurt the whale, but we kept barreling forward.

Peak moments

At this point, everyone on the boat was hanging off the edge trying to get a glimpse of the whale and it did not seem to be bothered by how close we were.  When we got close enough to almost touch the whale, everyone stopped talking and a sense of awe fell over the crowd. Just as we were at the closest point to the whale, some guy belted out in a drunken voice, “Pour some beer on it!” I had to process what he said for a second to make sure my ears were not deceiving me.  Then he said it again.  Most of the people thought it was pretty funny, but I could not believe that in such an amazing moment, this was the most inspiring thing he could say. I continued to ponder the wise words of this drunk tourist after we reached the shore and realized that they were both mindlessly funny and disturbing.  Are we really so lost in our urban and suburban cultures that this is how best we to know to interact with the natural world?

Hawaii is particularly effected by environmental problems such as invasive species and habitat destruction because it is small and isolated.  Native plants and animals on Hawaii evolved without large predators that are present on continents and thus never developed defense mechanisms like thorns and poisons. When a foreign species such as a rat is introduced, it multiplies quickly and causes much destruction because it has no or few predators on the islands to regulate its spread.  This means that we must be particularly cautious about bringing any foreign plants or animals into the islands.

Doing our part

The question we must ask ourselves is are we going to take the approach of “pour some beer on it” whenever we see something new in nature or are we going to take the time to respect and understand the natural world. The answer to this question determines the fate of many other creatures that inhabit the planet with us and ultimately our own fate as well. Some of the biggest threats to whales today include habitat loss, noise pollution and chemicals in the oceans and climate change. We can all do our part to help by disposing properly of our wastes and buying products made locally to decrease the amount of shipping, which causes noise pollution.

 

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Endangered species spotlight: Coho salmon

February 18, 2012 By Leave a Comment

coho salmon2 Endangered species spotlight: Coho salmonCoho salmon is the first species featured in the endangered species spotlight.  This spotlight series will focus on the factors responsible for the decline of key species that have become endangered and simple ways that we can help the recovery of these species.  Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) existed historically in the entire west coast of the United States, Alaska, Japan, regions of eastern Russia and possibly as far inland in the U.S. as Idaho.  Current levels of the Coho salmon are only 6-15% percent of what they were in the 1940s, according to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Why are they endangered?

Some of the biggest obstacles for this species include dams, erosion and siltation in breeding areas of freshwater streams/rivers, lack of water due to the diversion of freshwater for irrigation and electricity generation purposes and a rapid decline in the quality and quantity of wetlands in areas where Coho salmon exist and breed.  This salmon species is particularly sensitive to stream quality issues in their fry stage.  Dissolved oxygen is very important for their survival and may be affected by human activities such as recreation, mining, logging, channelization of steams and other changes in the banks of streams. Human activities have had a pronounced effect on Coho salmon habitat in the state of California, where only about 9% of the original wetlands in the state still exist!

WE NEED OXYGEN!

Dams and erosion into streams/rivers cause increases in water temperatures, which lessen the amount of dissolved oxygen for salmon necessary for breathing.  Dams also pose a physical obstacle for Coho salmon that are trying to reach spawning destinations upstream in coastal rivers.  Irrigation systems take water from rivers such as the Russian River in Sonoma County, California, and divert it to agricultural use such as growing grapes for wine.  Many agricultural areas that are close to such rivers containing Coho salmon and other species contribute to pollution in the water from fertilizers (particularly nitrates and phosphates) and pesticides.  Storm water drains in urban areas that drain in to rivers where Coho salmon live and breed may also create pollution from runoff and products thrown into storm drains near residential areas. These fish must have good gravel beds to lay their eggs in or their offspring will not survive!

What YOU can do to help

There are many small things that we can all do to help the recovery of endangered Coho salmon and other endangered species.

-Do not throw trash or any liquids (other than water) onto the street or in storm drains.  These drains go directly into streams and rivers that effect fish and other river dwellers.

-Buy dry farmed wine and sustainably farmed produce. One of the biggest users of water in our country is agriculture.  Wine grapes and other crops that are dry farmed use no water and thus  do not take water away from local streams or rivers.

-Follow fishing regulations.  If you are fishing, do not take more fish than is allowed by the law.

-Do not buy farmed salmon.  In some areas, farmed salmon populations threaten wild populations of salmon.  The best way to find out is know your salmon source.

-Volunteer in environmental restoration activities.  There are many local and national organizations that restore habitat to help endangered species recover.  The Nature Conservancy does great work in restoration.  Google your local watershed and find out what group is actively restoring the watershed.

If we all take these small steps in caring for our natural world, species such as Coho salmon may soon be as plentiful as they were 70 years ago!!! Check out this great video on Coho salmon in West Marin!

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Top ten anti-green moments

February 17, 2012 By Leave a Comment

smoke fire burning garbage dump managua 300x200 Top ten anti green momentsEveryone has their take on how much we should do to help create a healthier planet and some ideas are more informed than others.  I have put together here a collection of anti-green quotes and moments that came about during conversations I or friends had with others about the environment. Some day hopefully we will look at these with the same humor as we now look at the idea that the sun revolves around the Earth.

1. “I think all you environmental people are just jealous.”

My friend was talking to his former boss about driving cars with better gas mileage and she made this comment suggesting that what environmentalists really want is more money to buy bigger cars.  I must admit that those big SUVs can be fun to drive and give you a sense of power over other hunks of metal and plastic on the road, but I have no desire to spend my money on a large vehicle unless I am carrying gear or several unemployed workers to an organic farm to harvest food for ourselves.  I get a certain peace of mind knowing that I can achieve 40 miles to the gallon in my Toyota Corolla.

2.  “I’d just throw some gas on it and light a match.”

I was talking to my aunt’s ex-boyfriend years ago about what we should do with the accumulating underbrush on our dry hillside and he suggested this course of action.  The problem was that many of the plants there were invasive and greatly increased the fuel load.  A smarter solution would have been to thin the fuel load to prevent big fires from breaking out. There is also the danger that we might catch the house on fire if we did follow his plan.  Sometimes human safety and environmental health go hand in hand.

3.  Can’t we just burn our trash?”

I was doing a garbage sorting game with elementary students in Sonoma County and one of the students made this comment when I asked the students for ways that we can reduce the amount of garbage in the county landfill.  Yes, we certainly can burn our trash, but have you ever inhaled burning plastic? There are nasty chemicals in plastics like dioxins, that have some pretty serious human and ecological health effects.  Apart from the health effects of burning trash, most of what we throw away in the U.S. can be recycled so it is not even trash in the first place.

4. “Pour some beer on it!”

This is my personal favorite.  I was on a Catamaran tour on Hanauma Bay close to Waikiki and we were having a fabulous time.  The bar was open and so we the mouths of thirsty tourists. Someone spotted a whale near the boat and we began to approach it.  As we neared the mighty beast everyone got quiet and there was a sense of wonder that took us over.  As we were almost within an oar’s reach of the giant creature, an intoxicated tourist yelled out, “Pour some beer on it.”  I had no idea how to respond to this, but I can rest assured that his intentions were less than green.

5. Trash burning parties in Cabuya

When I was in the small town of Cabuya, Costa Rica, several poor families in the area had trash burning parties. They would gather around sunset, crack open a cold beer, pile up their trash near the street and light it on fire.  I never understood the draw of burning plastic and other petroleum-based materials, but it apparently held something wonderful about it for the locals.

6. “Can’t we just put our trash into outer space?”

This was another comment made by a student during out garbage sorting game in Sonoma County.  There are a few problems with this solution: launching garbage into space is very expensive; the garbage could potentially collide with important satellites that orbit the Earth; we are not addressing the root issue of why we have so much garbage in the first place.

7. Q: Where does milk come from?

     A: The grocery store!

I asked this question to some youngsters at an environmental summer camp in Hawaii and one of them gave me this response.  His answer is a reflection of how removed we have become from the natural world and our food sources.

8. “I want to learn Arabic so I can jump out of plains and kill people!”

Not that our relationship with the Arabic-speaking world has ever been very green, but this is the peak of ignorance and waste! Surely, there are friendlier ways to interact with people of other cultures and greener ways to spend U.S. tax dollars than funding Arabic-speaking assassins from 20,000 feet!

9. My quest to cut down the entire forest behind my house.

Yes, even environmentalists have their weak moments.  I developed this idea one summer when I was 12 years old and did my best to make my dream a reality.  Fortunately, I ran out of steam long before I cut down even a sizeable portion of the forest.  I believe that my current passion for teaching others about the environment is a coming of age that began with time spent in the forest behind my house.  Isn’t it strange how the universe works sometimes?

10. “Go to Disneyworld!”

We all remember this one.  It is what former President George W. Bush said to Americans after 9/11.  It was a great way to stimulate the American economy and show that we were not phased by the attacks, but consuming massive amounts of plastic and energy in an artificial wonderland does little to solve our environmental problems.  Perhaps a greener statement would be, “Get out of your cars and take a hike in a National Park” or “Plant a tree with your child!”

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Invasive species, taro and green living

February 16, 2012 By Leave a Comment

red sand beach Invasive species, taro and green livingThe east end of Maui is a magical place, full of kalo(taro root), magical forests and wisdom that is increasingly rare these days. If you have been there, you will know that there is only one road that goes to Hana and it is ridiculously steep and windy.  It is a place that has kept its distance from modernity and held strong to old traditions of wetland taro farming as done by the Hawaiians hundreds of years ago.

 

The right place anytime

I led a group of undergraduate students on an alternative spring break trip to this region of Maui and it was truly unforgettable. We were assigned to a project of removing invasive species and working in a wetland taro patch with a couple of characters named Uncle John and Tweety.  Uncle John and Tweety had been farming wetland taro and various other crops (bananas, sweet potatoes, breadfruit and yams) for decades and were living almost completely off the grid outside the little town of Hana.  They showed us how to pound taro root and breadfruit with a thick hard piece of polished wood and stone to make poi-the staple of the traditional Hawaiian diet.  Getting to eat the poi that we had freshly pounded was a wonderful experience and one that I wish I had more often.

Poi and sweet potatoes

The health benefits of eating poi and other traditional foods for Hawaiians are astonishing!  Studies have documented remission from diabetes, losing several hundred pounds of body weight and numerous other amazing health benefits when Hawaiians change from the standard American diet that includes flour, lots of meat, sugar and processed foods and go back to a traditional Hawaiian diet focusing on poi, sweet potatoes, white fish, yams, breadfruit and greens.

True freedom

The most poignant thing I remember about the visit with Uncle John and Tweety was their firm belief that, “we can take care of ourselves…” What they meant by this is they have the agricultural knowledge to grow food for themselves and they do not need people from the USDA and other government agencies giving them advice and trying to involve them in various programs.  In fact,  it was the USDA that approved the importation of the golden apple snail (Pomacea caniliculata) into the Hawaiian Islands, which has wreaked havoc on wetland taro crops.  The golden apple snail has been listed as one of the 100 most invasive species on the planet!

Invasion from without

There are many other plant and animal species in Maui that are considered invasive, including wild boar and the infamous Miconia plant.  These species are brought in by humans for food, ornamental value or some other reason and usually spread faster than native species due to their high reproductive rates and a lack of local predators.  So perhaps Uncle John’s disdain towards outsiders offering advice and trying to modernize his little piece of heaven is a metaphor for the spread of invasive species.  That is, nature can take care of itself.  When humans introduce a new plant or animal to a different ecosystem, there are often unintended and negative consequences.  In the case of Uncle John and Tweety, if the apple snail found its way into their taro patches it could completely destroy their entire way of life.

Your Call to Action

Invasive species are an issue that we can all help with because they are all over the planet.  Chances are, you have one in your backyard or in the forest nearby your neighborhood.  Some common invasive plants in the U.S. are kudzu, cogon grass, Himalayan blackberry, morning-glory vine, lemon balm, tree of heaven and English ivy.  All you have to do to help control the spread of these plants is pull them out of the ground.  Imagine the positive effect that we could have on our environment if every person pulled just one invasive plant out of the ground every day!

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Habitat destruction and wild turkey 101

February 7, 2012 By Leave a Comment

habitat destruction Habitat destruction and wild turkey 101Habitat destruction is one of the most pervasive environmental problems on planet Earth. It is the reason for much of the decline in biodiversity in recent decades and plays a role in climate change.  Natural forces like floods and tornadoes have always destroyed habitat, but humans are destroying habitat at a faster pace than ever recorded before. This destruction is possibly the greatest threat to wildlife and the biggest challenge for humanity.

 

A Silent Witness

As a child growing up in Arkansas, I witnessed much destruction of hardwood forests to make way for pine plantations for making paper.  I did not realize the scale of this destruction until I was an adult.  Habitat destruction effected me personally me because I spent so much time outdoors camping, fishing, hiking and mountain biking.  One particular weekend of camping comes to mind…

Camping with Crazies

I was a freshman at Hendrix College and eager to explore the many outdoor options of western Arkansas.  One Saturday morning in April, a friend and I packed up my truck and headed west for the Ouachita Mountains.  Our destination was Iron Springs campground, just north of Hot Springs, a famous resort town where Al Capone used to hang out long ago.

We arrived at the campground on Saturday evening with plenty of beer, music and meats for grilling.  There was only one other vehicle in the entire campsite, a large RV full of crystal seekers.  This part of Arkansas is known for its high-quality crystals and valuable stones.  It is only an hour away from North America’s only active diamond mine at Murfreesboro.

Along came Freddy

It was a relatively calm evening until an old Jeep truck wheeled its way into the parking spot next to our campsite.  When the door opened, a very thin, sun-dried character hopped out of the cab and made his way over to our site.  He seemed nice, but was missing several of his teeth and you could tell that he had a rough life.  He introduced himself as Fred and said that he lived just a few miles up the road in a mobile home with his mother.  He later told us that he occasionally had to live in his truck when his mother could not put up with him any longer.

We started a fire and enjoyed burgers, beer and some classic rock songs as we found out more about Fred and his dysfunctional existence.  Sometime around 10p.m. Fred opened the back of his Jeep and pulled out a half-gallon bottle of Wild Turkey 101 proof.  It didn’t take him long to get half  way through that bottle.  As he became intoxicated, the conservation turned towards how Fred felt about the widening of the road near the campground and the timber companies in that area.

Road Rage

He told us about how much the area had changed during his lifetime, although it still seemed pretty undeveloped to us.  We talked for a couple more hours and then decided that it was time to go to sleep.  I was just about to fall into dreamland when I heard Fred screaming something unintelligible.  I pulled the zipper of my tent slightly open and looked out to see what the commotion was all about.  Fred was trying to make his way up the steep bank of the campsite towards the road and was throwing sticks at cars passing by.  He was shouting things at the cars like, “Get out of my woods!” Due to his excessive drunkenness, he never made it all the way to the road but I am sure that all the motorists in the area got the message.  They were not welcome near Fred’s forest.

Misplaced Wisdom

Ironically, in Fred’s display of distaste for paved roads and traffic, he was the only one attempting an act of destruction that night, but his actions left a lasting impression on me.  Yes, he was quite drunk and uneducated, but I still agreed with his fundamental premise: we do not need more roads in national parks and natural areas.  We need more nature.  We need more wildlife.  Sometimes we find wisdom in strange places.

Your Call to Action

The experiences like these that I had as a child in the rivers, forest and parks of Arkansas have undefinable value in my life and it is our responsibility to ensure that future generations can have these same experiences.  One of the simplest ways that we can prevent habitat destruction is to buy recycled products and reuse items rather than buying new ones. On a larger scale, we can donate our time and/or money to organizations like the Nature Conservancy that buy and protect large amounts of land for wildlife and human use. Without your help, there is no guarantee that any of the natural places we cherish will exist far into the future.

 

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environmental conservation and shotgun blasts

February 3, 2012 By Leave a Comment

Mallard Drake environmental conservation and shotgun blastsAs a child, I spent a lot of time in the woods.  I found magic in the forests and always enjoyed cutting trees to build forts and hunting birds without realizing the environmental impact that I was having on the forest. I knew nothing about conservation as a child, but I was developing a connection to the forest that would stay with me for the rest of my life.

 

 

Standing in freezing water

I also did a lot of duck hunting in the flooded timber lands of eastern Arkansas.  One of the greatest things about standing in ice-cold water in waders at four o’clock in the morning is realizing how much a part of nature I was. I usually went hunting with my dad and some other older men that knew the area well.  To me, the flooded forest was an unnavigable maze of sloughs and creeks that I would have surely been lost in forever had it not been for my dad’s skills in finding our way through the darkness.

One particular hunting trip comes to mind many years ago in Arkansas.  It was just about daybreak and there were hundreds of mallards circling above us.  I did my best to hide against the big oak trees so the ducks would not see me.  Ducks, unlike deer, are not colorblind and can detect movement very well.

The Firing Squad

After some hail calls and feed calls and several  rounds of circling above us, several ducks finally landed.  There was always an eerie silence after they landed and then some old man shouted, “Get ‘em boys!”  The next few moments were full of gunfire and probably the closest I have ever been or would want to be to war.  The thing that scared me the most was that the hunters were not always in a straight line.  Sometimes it was more of a semicircle, which meant that if a hunter on one end swung his gun barrel to far towards the semicircle he could graze a hunter on the other end with a few pellets.  Fortunately, this never happened when I was there.

Where does your food come from?

To some people who have never hunted before, this ritual may seem a bit barbaric.  Perhaps it is on some level it is, but the relationship that a hunter has to his/her prey is unmistakable.  When you shoot an animal you have to watch it die, (usually quickly if it is a clean shot) you have to clean and then cook it.  It is a whole process and has much more meaning to me than simply buying a piece of meat at the grocery that may have come from a farm thousands of miles away.

Your Call to Action

Hunters and conservation go together by necessity.  If there is no land to hunt on, then hunters are out of luck.  Ducks Unlimited has done a lot of good work to preserve land across the U.S. through partnerships with hunters and many other concerned parties, but there is much work to be done.  As physical beings, we humans must find a way to interact with land without paving it all over and destroying the habitat which supports us and all other species on the planet.  One of the most effective ways to help everyone realize our connection with the land is to be on it and observe the relationships that other plants and animals have with each other.  This is not anything new.  It has been done for thousands and thousands of years by some cultures, but it is becoming increasingly rare in the modern world.

If you are interested in helping people of other cultures preserve their land, Survival International does wonderful work with many indigenous groups around the world.  Conservation is not just a fad, it is a way of life.

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Endangered species, jaguars and lonely men

February 1, 2012 By Leave a Comment

jaguar Endangered species, jaguars and lonely menMyths are what make a place interesting.  They give it color and a sense of magic. In my recent stay in Cabuya, Costa Rica, I sometimes found it difficult to distinguish between myths and reality so I just accepted that they were one and the same.  One of the myths I heard revolved around the largest cat in the Americas, the jaguar.

 

The Big Cat

Many of the locals in Cabuya told me that there was a jaguar that was six feet in length that roamed the dry forests of the area.  This would be among the largest jaguars ever seen if their stories are true.  My favorite story about a jaguar involves a strange man named “Tigre”, meaning jaguar or big cat in English.  Tigre lived by himself in a house close to the middle of town.  He had a large backyard that butted up against the mountain separating both sides of the Nicoya Peninsula.

Vegetarian Jaguar?

The story goes that he would go out at night in his backyard and put bananas and avocados in his pants to lure a jaguar in.  He reportedly did so to have romantic relations with the jaguar.  I was never witness to any of this activity so I must rely solely on second-hand sources.  Admittedly, the options for dating in this isolated town were few, but there are two major problems I have with this story.  First, jaguars are strict carnivores and thus I cannot imagine why they would have any interest in a banana or avocado unless it was covered with deer scent.  Also, if one could succeed in luring a jaguar into one’s backyard, the possibility of having intimate contact with a jaguar seems very slim.

The Threat and The Solution

The status of jaguars is near threatened and they are most likely going to become extinct within the next few decades.  Most of the decline in jaguar populations is due to destruction of their habitat from logging and ranching.  Poaching for their skins and competition with humans for food are also reasons for their decline.  Jaguars are apex predators, which means that they eat a wide variety of species below them and the food chain and they have no predators other than humans.  Jaguars are critical to maintaining the health and structural integrity of the forests they inhabit. The Jaguar Conservation Fund is an organization in central Brazil that does research on jaguars and is trying to help create corridors of habitat where jaguars can thrive.

The larger issue that envelops the survival of the jaguar is habitat destruction. We cannot hope to ensure of the survival of many species without increasing the amount of suitable habitat for wildlife. To do this requires effort on everyone’s part.  We must educate people about why wildlife habitat is decreasing and expose the companies that are the major offenders of this destruction.

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